克罗地亚独立国对塞尔维亚人的种族迫害

发表于 2022-03-01

The Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Genocid nad Srbima u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj, Геноцид над Србима у Независној Држави Хрватској) was the systematic persecution of Serbs which was committed during World War II by the fascist Ustaše regime in the Nazi German puppet state known as the Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) between 1941 and 1945. It was carried out through executions in death camps, as well as through mass murder, ethnic cleansing, deportations, forced conversions, and war rape. This genocide was simultaneously carried out with the Holocaust in the NDH as well as the genocide of Roma, by combining Nazi racial policies with the ultimate goal of creating an ethnically pure Greater Croatia.

克罗地亚独立国对塞尔维亚人的种族迫害，塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语：Genocid nad Srbima u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj, Геноцид над Србима у Независној Држави Хрватској，是 1941 年 - 1945 年间由纳粹德国在克罗地亚独立国（塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语：Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH）的傀儡政权乌斯塔沙一手促成的，针对塞尔维亚人的系统性的种族清洗。在克罗地亚独立国集中营里（Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia），诸如滥杀无辜，种族清洗，驱逐，强制皈依（Forced conversion），性暴力等灭绝行为屡见不鲜。受纳粹种族政策（Racial policy of Nazi Germany），以及创建血统纯正的“大克罗地亚”的最终目标影响，这一时期同时发生的大屠杀还有克罗地亚独立国大屠杀，吞灭。

The ideological foundation of the Ustaše movement reaches back to the 19th century. Several Croatian nationalists and intellectuals established theories about Serbs as an inferior race. The World War I legacy, as well as the opposition of a group of nationalists to the unification into a common state of South Slavs, influenced ethnic tensions in the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (since 1929 Kingdom of Yugoslavia). The 6 January Dictatorship and the later anti-Croat policies of the Serb-dominated Yugoslav government in the 1920s and 1930s fueled the rise of nationalist and far-right movements. This culminated in the rise of the Ustaše, an ultranationalist, terrorist organization, founded by Ante Pavelić. The movement was financially and ideologically supported by Benito Mussolini, and it was also involved in the assassination of King Alexander I.

乌斯塔沙组织的思想基础可以追朔至 19 世纪。一些克罗地亚民族主义（Croatian nationalism）者和知识分子建立了关于塞尔维亚人的种族主义理论，称其为劣等种族。受一战影响，以及一些种族主义者对建立（Creation of Yugoslavia）一个统一的南斯拉夫国家（参见南斯拉夫民族）的反对态度，造成了新成立的塞尔维亚人、克罗地亚人和斯洛文尼亚人王国（即 1929 年建立的南斯拉夫王国）内部各种族间紧张的局势。1920 年代和 1930 年代，由塞尔维亚人主导的南斯拉夫政府在 1 月 6 日独裁（6 January Dictatorship，参见南斯拉夫王国#独裁）以及后来的反克罗地亚政策（Kingdom of Yugoslavia#6 January_dictatorship）推动了民族主义和极右翼运动的兴起。暗流最终以安特·帕韦利奇建立极端民族主义组织，恐怖组织乌斯塔沙而告终，贝尼托·墨索里尼为该组织提供经济支持以及意识形态上的帮助。另外，该组织还参与了对亚历山大一世国王的暗杀。

Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, a German puppet state known as the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was established, comprising most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as parts of modern-day Serbia and Slovenia, ruled by the Ustaše. The Ustaše’s goal was to create an ethnically homogeneous Greater Croatia by eliminating all non-Croats, with the Serbs being the primary target but Jews, Roma and political dissidents were also targeted for elimination. Large scale massacres were committed and concentration camps were built, the largest one was the Jasenovac, which was notorious for its high mortality rate and the barbaric practices which occurred in it. Furthermore, the NDH was the only Axis puppet state to establish concentration camps specifically for children. The regime systematically murdered approximately 200,000 to 500,000 Serbs. 300,000 Serbs were further expelled and at least 200,000 more Serbs were forcibly converted, most of whom de-converted following the war. Proportional to the population, the NDH was one of the most lethal European regimes.

1941 年南斯拉夫战役后，由纳粹德国扶持的傀儡政权，克罗地亚独立国（NDH）建立。NDH 统治者为乌斯塔沙，其领土包括现今的克罗地亚，波黑，以及塞尔维亚与斯洛文尼亚的部分领地。乌斯塔沙的目标是剔除所有非克罗地亚血统者，包括塞尔维亚人，犹太人、罗姆人以及异见者，建立一个单一民族的“大克罗地亚”（参见单一民族国家）。大屠杀的指令被执行，集中营被建立——亚塞诺瓦茨集中营——以其高死亡率和惨无人道的灭绝行径为人所知。NDH 是轴心国里唯一一个专门为儿童建立集中营的纳粹德国傀儡政权。有 200000 到 500000 塞尔维亚人在此次大屠杀中丧生。有300,000 塞族人被驱逐，至少 200,000 多名塞族人被迫皈依——这其中大多数人在战后不再皈依。就参与屠杀者与被屠杀者的人数比例而言，NDH 是欧洲最为残暴的政权之一。

Mile Budak and other NDH high officials were tried and convicted of war crimes by the communist authorities. Concentration camp commandants such as Ljubo Miloš and Miroslav Filipović were captured and executed, while Aloysius Stepinac was found guilty of forced conversion. Many others escaped, including the supreme leader Ante Pavelić, most to Latin America. The genocide was not properly examined in the aftermath of the war, because the post-war Yugoslav government did not encourage independent scholars out of concern that ethnic tensions would destabilize the new communist regime. Nowadays, оn 22 April, Serbia marks the public holiday dedicated to the victims of genocide and fascism, while Croatia holds an official commemoration at the Jasenovac Memorial Site.

迈尔·布达克（Mile Budak）以及其它 NDH 高级官员在审判中（Trial of Mile Budak）被南斯拉夫共产主义者联盟定为战争罪，集中营指挥官（Nazi concentration camp commandant），如卢博·米洛斯（Ljubo Miloš），米罗斯拉夫·菲利波维奇（Miroslav Filipović）等被批捕处决，红衣主教阿洛伊修斯·斯特皮纳克（Aloysius Stepinac）被判处强迫皈依罪。包括乌斯塔沙最高领导人安特·帕韦利奇在内的许多人都逃到了外国，这其中大多数人逃往了拉丁美洲。战后的南斯拉夫政府（参见南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国）不鼓励独立学者，因此种族清洗没有得到适当的审查 / 自省，担心紧张的种族局势会动摇新建立的共产主义（参见南斯拉夫共产主义者联盟）政权。现如今，4 月 22 日是塞尔维亚纪念种族灭绝和法西斯主义受害者的公共假日，克罗地亚在 Jasenovac 纪念遗址举行正式的纪念活动。