卢旺达种族大屠杀

发表于 2022-02-07 更新于 2022-02-08

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Rwandan genocide 卢旺达种族大屠杀

The Rwandan genocide occurred between 7 April and 15 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War. During this period of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were slaughtered by armed militias. The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi deaths.

卢旺达种族大屠杀发生在 1994 年四月七日到七月十五日卢旺达内战期间。在这一百天里，部分温和派胡图族人和特瓦族人，以及作为少数族裔的图西族人被全副武装的军人大肆屠戮。关于此次种族灭绝的遇害人数，学术界广为人所接受的数字是 50 万到 80 万。

In 1990, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a rebel group composed mostly of Tutsi refugees, invaded northern Rwanda from their base in Uganda, initiating the Rwandan Civil War. Neither side was able to gain a decisive advantage in the war, and the Rwandan government led by President Juvénal Habyarimana signed the Arusha Accords with the RPF on 4 August 1993. Many historians argue that genocide against the Tutsi had been planned for a few years. However, Habyarimana’s assassination on 6 April 1994 created a power vacuum and ended peace accords. Genocidal killings began the following day when soldiers, police, and militia executed key Tutsi and moderate Hutu military and political leaders.

1990年，主要构成为图西族难民的反抗组织卢旺达爱国阵线（RPF）从他们在乌干达的基地入侵卢旺达北部，引发卢旺达内战。参战双方均未能在战争中取得决定性优势。1993 年 8 月 4 日，由总统朱韦纳尔·哈比亚利马纳领导的卢旺达政府与 RPF 签署了《阿鲁沙协定》。有历史学家认为，针对图西人的种族灭绝已谋划数年。1994 年 4 月 6 日，哈比亚利马纳被暗杀，造成权力空窗期，导致和平协定被废止。次日，士兵、警察和民兵开始处决图西族与温和派胡图族军事政要，种族大屠杀开始。

The scale and brutality of the genocide caused shock worldwide, but no country intervened to forcefully stop the killings. Most of the victims were killed in their own villages or towns, many by their neighbors and fellow villagers. Hutu gangs searched out victims hiding in churches and school buildings. The militia murdered victims with machetes and rifles. Sexual violence was rife, with an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 women raped during the genocide. The RPF quickly resumed the civil war once the genocide started and captured all government territory, ending the genocide and forcing the government and génocidaires into Zaire.

大屠杀的残忍与其规模震惊了全世界，但当时并未有其它国家介入终止杀戮。许多受害者都是在自己的村镇中被其乡邻杀害。参与屠杀的胡图族人从教堂，学校搜寻目标。民兵使用砍刀和步枪屠戮平民。种族灭绝式强奸大为盛行，在此次大屠杀中，约有 25 万到 50 万妇女被强奸。暴行伊始，保罗·卡加梅领导的爱国阵线军队重启内战，占领政府军土地，结束了种族大屠杀，临时政府以及参与种族屠杀的刽子手被迫流亡扎伊尔（参见 RPF 1994年种族灭绝期间的军事行动）。

The genocide had lasting and profound effects. In 1996, the RPF-led Rwandan government launched an offensive into Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), home to exiled leaders of the former Rwandan government and many Hutu refugees, starting the First Congo War and killing an estimated 200,000 people. Today, Rwanda has two public holidays to mourn the genocide, and “genocide ideology” and “divisionism” are criminal offences. International Day of Reflection on the Rwandan genocide is observed globally on 7 April every year. Although the Constitution of Rwanda claims that more than 1 million people perished in the genocide, according to Jens Meierhenrich, this number is an RPF fabrication which has been refuted by the scientific literature.

种族灭绝产生了持久而深远的影响。 1996 年，卢旺达爱国阵线领导的卢旺达政府对流亡在扎伊尔（现刚果）的前卢旺达政府领导人和胡图族难民发起进攻，引发第一次刚果战争，据估计有 20 万人丧生。如今，在卢旺达有两个公共假期来悼念种族灭绝，“否认卢旺达种族灭绝（英文条目）”和“分裂主义”均为刑事犯罪。每年的 4 月 7 日是纪念卢旺达种族灭绝事件的国际反思日。卢旺达宪法声称超过 100 万人在种族灭绝中丧生，但根据延斯·迈尔亨里奇（ Jens Meierhenrich）的说法，这个数字系 RPF 捏造，已被相关科学文献证伪。